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The Internet of Things (IoT)

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The Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT)

As the number of devices potentially connected to the Internet grows rapidly, the amount of traffic generated by these devices explodes, the Internet of Things is set to develop rapidly and grow rapidly, bringing things into dialogue with people. It aims to be one of the most powerful tools for creating, modifying and sharing countless pieces of information. this new Internet is called "Web 3.0".

The Internet of Things (IoT) as defined by the United Nations International Telecommunication Union Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060 is a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting objects (physical or virtual) with existing or evolving interoperable information and communication technologies. Thus, the IoT is likened to a network of interconnected services and intelligent objects of all kinds intended to support humans in the activities of daily life thanks to their detection, calculation and communication capabilities.

By leveraging the modified capabilities of identification, data entry, processing and communication, the IoT takes full advantage of objects to offer services to all kinds of applications, while ensuring compliance with security and privacy requirements.

From a broader perspective, IoT can be seen as a concept with implications for technology and society.

Definition of the Internet of Things

To understand the Internet of Things we will first review some definitions.

The first definition is the Internet. It is defined as the set of interconnected global networks that allow computers and servers to communicate efficiently using a common communication protocol (IP: Internet Protocol). Its main services are the Web, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), email, and newsgroups.

The second definition concerns the Web, commonly used to refer to the World Wide Web, or www. it materializes the hypertext system running on the Internet. It is considered a tool that allows, through a browser, the consultation of pages of websites. Generally, the technical distinction between the Web and the Internet is no longer made.

Since the 1990s, the nature, structure and use of the Web have evolved in a phenomenal way: from the web of information to the web of things, connected billions of human beings but also billions of objects. And this evolution has had profound impacts on commercial social practices and uses. Thus, if we have passed, in the space of thirty years, from the traditional Web (Web 1.0), to the social Web (Web 2.0), then to the Semantic Web (Web 3.0), this evolution is far from stopping anytime soon. Progress is well underway to develop in the coming years the intelligent web (web 4.0), the ambient web (web 5.0), the emotional web (web 6.0) and metaverses.

Evolution of web usage

Web 1.0 or traditional Web (first phase of the web, 1990-2000): Is a static web, centered on the distribution and distribution of content through a file system. It consists of limited interaction between end users and websites. Users were mostly consumers not concerned with content creation.

The Web 2.0 social or participatory web (second phase of the web, 2000-2010): Is a dynamic Web whose major asset is the multiplication of exchanges through the Internet through exchange platforms and social networks. With Web 2.0, the Internet user has become a dynamic player in the sharing and exchange of information and content. This is the era of contributions on the Internet, the valorization of content created by Internet users and virtual socialization.

Web 3.0 semantic web (third generation of the web, 2010-2020): is a web that gives meaning to data. It bridges the real and virtual worlds, promotes user interactivity and collaboration, and meets the needs of mobile users. It is the web of algorithms that aims to provide each Internet user with personalized content and to make the Internet more open and decentralized. This feature is made possible thanks to artificial intelligence, machine learning and the use of the blockchain security system (A blockchain is a record, a large database that has the particularity of being shared simultaneously with all users, all equally holders of this register, and who also all have the ability to enter data, according to specific rules set by a computer protocol very well secured thanks to cryptography) to keep the personal information of Internet users safe.

Web 4.0 intelligent web (fourth generation of the web 2020-2030): Marks the logical evolution of the semantic web with intense personalization. It is based on wireless communication connecting people and objects in real time in the physical or virtual world. However, there is still a concrete testing ground for new technologies in the field of smart connections. In marketing, Web 4.0 aims to analyze user behavior to allow true personalization. However, it asks several questions about privacy, data control, loss of freedom, etc.

Web 5.0 or Ambient Web: Is a future project that would aim to empower users to regain control and ownership of their data. It would mainly be a combination between web 2.0 and web 3.0 that would create a decentralized web platform with semantic capabilities.

Web 6.0 or emotional web: Would focus primarily on creating an emotional connection between humans and computers. It would also introduce emotional intelligence on the web that would allow computers to communicate a person, or even think, reason and respond in an (almost) human way. It aims to develop applications capable of interpreting information at more complex levels, both emotionally and logically. the website can use facial recognition as a tool to map the person's emotions. Users can interact with the website and the website would react accordingly based on the person's emotions.

The Metaverses: Represent the future of the Internet where the boundary between the real and the virtual will become increasingly blurred. People will form interconnected virtual communities where they can work, meet and play, using virtual reality headsets, augmented reality glasses, smartphone apps, etc.

How the Internet of Things Works

Sensors connected objects in or on physical infrastructures form the backbone of the Internet of Things. These sensors will capture data that they will transmit and route using a wireless network on IoT platforms. These data management and data visualization platforms are the new IoT solutions for analyzing data and drawing conclusions to adapt practice and behavior.

The Internet of Things can be explained using the concept of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) broken down into four different layers.



1- The detection layer: formed by physical materials such as smart sensors;

2- The network: allows you to connect the equipment to each other. A multitude of networks are available to meet different uses. the strength of the IoT precisely to have a diversity and heterogeneity of networks;

3- Service: middleware technologies (inter-software, information exchange network. It connects several computer applications)" that allows to communicate between them "hardware (physical components)" and "software (software, information system and applications)";

4- The interface: the platforms that present the applications to end users.

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